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scarcity of money

  • 1 as

    as, assis, m. (nom. assis, Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 1, 1, 9, and Schol. ad Pers. 2, 59; old form assārĭus, ii, m.; and in the gen. plur. assariūm, Varr. L. L. 8, § 71 Müll.; Charis. p. 58 P.) [heis, Dor. ais, Tarent. as, Hinter].
    I.
    In gen., unity, a unit; as a standard for different coins, weight, measure, etc. (in Vitr. 3, 1, p. 61 Rode, perfectus numerus, the perfect number, fundamental number), acc. to the duodecimal system, divided into 12 parts, or uncias, with the following particular designations: uncia = 1s./12 duodecima (sc. pars) sextans = 2/12 = 1s./6 sexta quadrans = 3/12 = 1s./4 quarta, also teruncius or triuncis triens = 4/12 = 1s./3 tertia or quincunx = 5s./12 sextans cum quadrante semissis s. semis = 6/12 = 1s./2 dimidia septunx = 7s./12 quadrans cum triente bessis s. bes = 8/12 = 2/3, for beis s. binae partes assis. dodrans = 9/12 = 3s./4 terni quadrantes dextans s. decunx = 10/12 = 5s./6 quini sextantes deunx = 11s./12 undecim unciaeThe uncia was again divided into smaller parts: semuncia = 1/2 uncia = 1/24 assis. duella = 1/3 uncia = 1/36 assis. sicilicus (-um) = 1/4 uncia = 1/48 assis. sextula = 1/6 uncia = 1/72 assis. drachma = 1/8 uncia = 1/96 assis. hemisecla = 1/12 uncia = 1/144 assis. scripulum = 1/24 uncia = 1/288 assis.The multiples of the as received the following designations: dupondius = 2 asses. tripondius s. tressis = 3 asses. (quadressis) = 4 asses. quinquessis = 5 asses. sexis (only in the connection decussissexis in Vitr. 1. c.) = 6 asses. septissis = 7 asses. octussis = 8 asses. nonussis (novissis?) = 9 asses. decussis = 10 asses. bicessis = 20 asses. tricessis = 30 asses, and so on to centussis = 100 asses. (Cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 169 sq. Müll.)
    II.
    Esp.
    A.
    1.. As a copper coin, the as was, acc. to the ancient custom of weighing money, originally a pound (asses librales or aes grave), of the value of about 8 8 d. /89, or 16 2/3 cents, and was uncoined (aes rude) until Servius Tullius stamped it with the figures of animals (hence pecunia, from pecus); cf. Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 9; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 42 sqq. In the first Punic war, on account of the scarcity of money, the as was reduced to a sixth part of its original weight, i. e. two ounces; hence asses sextantarii (of the value of about 1 103 d. /297, or 2.8 cents), and the state gained five sixths. In the second Punic war, and the dictatorship of Fabius, the as was again reduced one half, to one ounce; hence asses unciales, about equal to 200 d. /297, or 1.4 cents. Finally, the Lex Papiria (A.U.C. 563, B.C. 191) reduced the as to half an ounce; hence asses semiunciales = 100 d. /297, or 7.9 1/3 mills, which continued as a standard even under the emperors. In all these reductions, however, the names of coins remained, independent of the weight of the as: uncia, sextans, quadrans, etc.; cf. Grotef. Gr. II. p. 253 sq.—From the small value of the as after the last reduction, the following phrases arose: quod non opus est, asse carum est, Cato ap. Sen. Ep. 94:

    Quod (sc. pondus auri) si comminuas, vilem redigatur ad assem,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 43:

    viatica ad assem Perdiderat,

    to the last farthing, id. Ep. 2, 2, 27:

    ad assem impendium reddere,

    Plin. Ep. 1, 15:

    rumores Omnes unius aestimemus assis,

    Cat. 5, 3:

    Non assis facis?

    id. 42, 13.—Hence,
    2.
    The proverbs,
    a.
    Assem habeas, assem valeas, your worth is estimated by your possessions, Petr. 77, 6:

    crumena plena assium,

    Gell. 20, 1.—
    b.
    Assem elephanto dare, to give something (as a petition, and the like) with trembling to a superior (a metaphor derived from trained elephants, which, after playing their parts, were accustomed to take pay for themselves, which was given them with fear by the multitude; cf. Plin. 8, 5, 5, § 14), Augustus ap. Quint. 6, 3, 59, and Macr. S. 2, 4; Varr. ap. Non. p. 531, 10 sq.—
    B.
    In inheritances and other money matters, where a division was made, the as, with its parts, was used to designate the portions. Thus haeres ex asse, sole heir; haeres ex semisse, he who receives one half of the inheritance; haeres ex dodrante, he who receives three fourths; and so, haeres ex besse, triente, quadrante, sextante, etc.;

    ex semiunciā, ex sextulā, ex duabus sextulis, etc.,

    Dig. 28, 5, 50; 34, 9, 2; Suet. Caes. 83; Cic. Caecin. 6 et saep.:

    Nerva constituit, ut tu ex triente socius esses, ego ex besse,

    Dig. 17, 2, 76:

    bessem fundi emere ab aliquo,

    ib. 26, 21, 2, § 39:

    quadrans et semissis fundi,

    ib. 6, 1, 8 al.;

    hence, in assem, in asse, or ex asse,

    in all, entirely, completely, Dig. 36, 45:

    vendere fundum in assem,

    ib. 20, 6, 9; so Col. 3, 3, 8 and 9:

    in asse,

    id. 2, 12, 7:

    sic in asse flunt octo menses et dies decem,

    id. 2, 12, 7:

    ex asse aut ex parte possidere,

    Dig. 2, 8, 15; Sid. Ep. 2, 1; 6, 12; 8, 6 al.—
    C.
    As a measure of extent.
    a.
    An acre, acc. to the same divisions as above, from scripulum to the as, Col. 5, 1, 9 sq.:

    proscindere semissem, iterare assem,

    Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 178.—
    b.
    A foot, Col. 5, 3.—
    D.
    Of weight, a pound, acc. to the same division; cf.

    Fann. Pond. 41: In haec solide sexta face assis eat,

    Ov. Med. Fac. 60.← Mathematicians (v. Vitr. l. c.) called the number 6 perfectus numerus (since 1 + 2 + 3 = 6), and formed, accordingly, the following terminology: 1 = sextans, as a dice-number. unio. 2 = triens.......... binio. 3 = semissis.......... ternio. 4 = bessis (dimoiros)..... quaternio. 5 = quintarius....... quinio. 6 = perfectus numerus.... senio. 7 = ephektos, sex adjecto asse = 6 + 1. 8 = adtertiarius, sex adjectā tertiā = 6 + 2 (epitritos). 9 = sesquialter, sex adjectā dimidiā = 6 + 3 (hêmiolios). 10 = bes alter, sex duabus partibus additis = 6 + 4 (epidimoiros). 11 = adquintarius, sex quinque partibus additis = 6 + 5 (epipentamoiros). 12 = duplio (diplasiôn).

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > as

  • 2 difficultās

        difficultās ātis （ gen plur. -tātium, L.), f    [difficilis], difficulty, trouble, distress, poverty, want, embarrassment: discendi: navigandi, Cs.: faciundi pontis, Cs.: loci, S.: vecturae: summa navium: rei frumentariae, Cs.: nummaria, scarcity of money: domestica, distressed circumstances: in agendo: res ad receptum difficultatem adferebat, Cs.: ad consilium capiendum, Cs.: contra tantas difficultates providere, S.: erat in magnis Caesaris difficultatibus res, ne, etc., Cs. — Obstinacy, captiousness, moroseness: difficultatem exsorbuit.
    * * *
    difficulty; trouble; hardship; intractability; obstinacy

    Latin-English dictionary > difficultās

  • 3 difficultas

    diffĭcultas, ātis ( gen. plur. difficultatium, Liv. 9, 31, 14; Gell. 14, 2, 3), f. [difficilis], difficulty, trouble, distress, poverty, want.
    I.
    In gen. (freq. in good prose in sing. and plur.
    (α).
    With gen.:

    ineundi consilii,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 34:

    discendi (with labor),

    id. Div. 1, 47, 105:

    dicendi,

    id. de Or. 1, 26, 120:

    navigandi,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 82; Caes. B. G. 3, 12 fin.:

    belli gerendi,

    id. ib. 3, 10:

    faciundi pontis,

    id. ib. 4, 17, 2 et saep.:

    viarum,

    id. ib. 7, 56, 2; id. B. C. 1, 70; cf.

    loci,

    Sall. J. 98, 5; Tac. Agr. 17 fin.:

    rerum,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 12; Sall. C. 57, 2; Suet. Tib. 16; 21:

    morbi,

    Cels. 3, 1; cf.

    urinae,

    id. 2, 1 al.:

    vecturae,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 82:

    summa navium,

    id. ib. 2, 5, 20:

    rei frumentariae,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 17, 3:

    annonae,

    Suet. Aug. 41; cf.

    nummaria,

    want. scarcity of money, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28; Suet. Tib. 48:

    domestica,

    distressed circumstances, Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 14 et saep.—
    (β).
    Absol.:

    ne qua ob eam suspicionem difficultas eveniat,

    Plaut. Epid. 2, 2, 105; Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 45:

    perspicio quantum in agendo difficultatis et quantum laboris sit habitura (altera pars actionis),

    Cic. Clu. 1, 2;

    so with labor,

    Quint. 11, 1, 68; and:

    habere difficultatem,

    Cic. Brut. 7; id. Att. 13, 33:

    magnam res ad receptum difficultatem afferebat,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 51, 6; so with ad:

    haec res Caesari difficultatem ad consilium capiendum afferebat,

    id. B. G. 7, 10, 1;

    and without it,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11:

    delabi in difficultates,

    id. Fat. 17: erat in magnis difficultatibus res, ne, etc., Caes. B. G. 7, 35 et saep.—
    * II.
    In partic. (acc. to difficilis, no. II.), obstinacy, captiousness, moroseness:

    arrogantiam pertulit, difficultatem exsorbuit,

    Cic. Mur. 9, 19.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > difficultas

  • 4 angustia

    angustĭae, ārum (rare in class. Lat. in sing angustĭa, ae, Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 61; cf. Charis. p. 20 P.;

    but freq. in eccl. Lat.,

    Vulg. Gen. 42, 21; ib. Psa. 118, 143; ib. Rom. 2, 9; ib. 2 Cor. 2, 4 al.), f. [angustus].
    I.
    Lit., narrowness, straitness; a defile, strait (perhaps only in prose; syn.: fauces, angustum).
    A.
    Of places:

    Corinthus posita in angustiis atque in faucibus Graeciae,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 32; so id. N. D. 2, 7; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 45:

    itineris,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 39: Italia coacta in angustias, Sall. Fragm. H. ap. Serv ad Verg. A. 3, 400 (97, II. p. 250 Gerl.):

    loci,

    id. C. 58, 20: quod intercidit et incuriā coloni locique angustiā. Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 61:

    angustiae locorum,

    Nep. Dat. 8, 4, and Vulg. 2 Macc. 12, 21:

    angustiae saltibus crebris inclusae,

    Liv. 28, 1:

    diu in angustiis pugnatum est,

    id. 34, 46:

    itinerum,

    Tac. A. 15, 43 fin.:

    per angustias Hellesponti,

    Suet. Caes. 63:

    vicorum,

    id. Ner. 38; so id. Aug. 45; id. Claud. 12; id. Oth. 9 al.—
    B.
    Of other things:

    spiritūs,

    shortness of breath, Cic. de Or. 3, 46, 181:

    urinae,

    strangury, Plin. 21, 21, 92, § 160.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Of time, shortness, brevity, want, deficiency:

    in his vel asperitatibus rerum vel angustiis temporis,

    Cic. de Or. 1. 1:

    edidi quae potui, non ut volui, sed ut me temporis angustiae coëgerunt,

    id. ib. 3, 61; id. Verr. 2, 1, 56; Cic. Fil. ad Tir. Fam. 16, 21, 7:

    in angustiā temporum,

    Vulg. Dan. 9, 25.—
    B.
    Of money or other possessions, scarcity, want:

    aerarii,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 14:

    pecuniae publicae,

    id. Fam. 12, 30:

    rei frumentariae,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 17:

    fortunae,

    Tac. A. 2, 38:

    stipendii,

    id. ib. 1, 35:

    ad eas rei familiaris angustias decidit,

    Suet. Claud. 9.— Sometimes absol., want, indigence, poverty:

    ex meis angustiis illius sustento tenuitatem,

    Cic. Fil. ad Tir. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

    paternae,

    Tac. A. 1, 75.—
    C.
    Of external circumstances, condition, etc., difficulty, distress, perplexity, straits:

    in summas angustias adduci,

    Cic. Quint. 5; so id. Fin. 2, 9, 28:

    cum in his angustiis res esset,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 54:

    vereri angustias,

    Cic. Planc. 22:

    angustiae petitionis,

    i. e. the difficulty of obtaining the consular dignity, id. Brut. 47. —So the Vulg. very freq. of external circumstances and of inward state, both in sing. and in plur.: videntes angustiam animi, Gen. 42, 21; so ib. Exod. 6, 9; ib. Rom. 2, 9; and ib. 2 Cor. 2, 4:

    tenent me angustiae,

    ib. 2 Reg. 1, 9; so ib. 2 Cor. 6, 4; 12, 10 al. —
    D.
    Of mind or feeling, narrowness, contractedness:

    non capiunt angustiae pectoris tui,

    Cic. Pis. 11: cujus animus tantis angustiis invidiae continetur, by such meanness of envy, Auct. ad Her. 4, 43.—
    E.
    Of scientific inquiries which go too deeply into details, and lay too much stress upon little things, subtile or minute verbal criticisms:

    me ex campo aequitatis ad istas verborum angustias revocas,

    into a dilemma of verbal subtleties, Cic. Caecin. 29:

    cur eam (orationem) in tantas angustias et in Stoicorum dumeta compellimus?

    straits, id. Ac. 2, 35.—
    F.
    Of discourse, brevity, simplicity: angustia conclusae orationis non facile se ipsa tutatur. Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20 (v. the context).—So in sing., Non. p. 73, 26.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > angustia

  • 5 angustiae

    angustĭae, ārum (rare in class. Lat. in sing angustĭa, ae, Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 61; cf. Charis. p. 20 P.;

    but freq. in eccl. Lat.,

    Vulg. Gen. 42, 21; ib. Psa. 118, 143; ib. Rom. 2, 9; ib. 2 Cor. 2, 4 al.), f. [angustus].
    I.
    Lit., narrowness, straitness; a defile, strait (perhaps only in prose; syn.: fauces, angustum).
    A.
    Of places:

    Corinthus posita in angustiis atque in faucibus Graeciae,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 32; so id. N. D. 2, 7; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 45:

    itineris,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 39: Italia coacta in angustias, Sall. Fragm. H. ap. Serv ad Verg. A. 3, 400 (97, II. p. 250 Gerl.):

    loci,

    id. C. 58, 20: quod intercidit et incuriā coloni locique angustiā. Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 61:

    angustiae locorum,

    Nep. Dat. 8, 4, and Vulg. 2 Macc. 12, 21:

    angustiae saltibus crebris inclusae,

    Liv. 28, 1:

    diu in angustiis pugnatum est,

    id. 34, 46:

    itinerum,

    Tac. A. 15, 43 fin.:

    per angustias Hellesponti,

    Suet. Caes. 63:

    vicorum,

    id. Ner. 38; so id. Aug. 45; id. Claud. 12; id. Oth. 9 al.—
    B.
    Of other things:

    spiritūs,

    shortness of breath, Cic. de Or. 3, 46, 181:

    urinae,

    strangury, Plin. 21, 21, 92, § 160.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Of time, shortness, brevity, want, deficiency:

    in his vel asperitatibus rerum vel angustiis temporis,

    Cic. de Or. 1. 1:

    edidi quae potui, non ut volui, sed ut me temporis angustiae coëgerunt,

    id. ib. 3, 61; id. Verr. 2, 1, 56; Cic. Fil. ad Tir. Fam. 16, 21, 7:

    in angustiā temporum,

    Vulg. Dan. 9, 25.—
    B.
    Of money or other possessions, scarcity, want:

    aerarii,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 14:

    pecuniae publicae,

    id. Fam. 12, 30:

    rei frumentariae,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 17:

    fortunae,

    Tac. A. 2, 38:

    stipendii,

    id. ib. 1, 35:

    ad eas rei familiaris angustias decidit,

    Suet. Claud. 9.— Sometimes absol., want, indigence, poverty:

    ex meis angustiis illius sustento tenuitatem,

    Cic. Fil. ad Tir. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

    paternae,

    Tac. A. 1, 75.—
    C.
    Of external circumstances, condition, etc., difficulty, distress, perplexity, straits:

    in summas angustias adduci,

    Cic. Quint. 5; so id. Fin. 2, 9, 28:

    cum in his angustiis res esset,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 54:

    vereri angustias,

    Cic. Planc. 22:

    angustiae petitionis,

    i. e. the difficulty of obtaining the consular dignity, id. Brut. 47. —So the Vulg. very freq. of external circumstances and of inward state, both in sing. and in plur.: videntes angustiam animi, Gen. 42, 21; so ib. Exod. 6, 9; ib. Rom. 2, 9; and ib. 2 Cor. 2, 4:

    tenent me angustiae,

    ib. 2 Reg. 1, 9; so ib. 2 Cor. 6, 4; 12, 10 al. —
    D.
    Of mind or feeling, narrowness, contractedness:

    non capiunt angustiae pectoris tui,

    Cic. Pis. 11: cujus animus tantis angustiis invidiae continetur, by such meanness of envy, Auct. ad Her. 4, 43.—
    E.
    Of scientific inquiries which go too deeply into details, and lay too much stress upon little things, subtile or minute verbal criticisms:

    me ex campo aequitatis ad istas verborum angustias revocas,

    into a dilemma of verbal subtleties, Cic. Caecin. 29:

    cur eam (orationem) in tantas angustias et in Stoicorum dumeta compellimus?

    straits, id. Ac. 2, 35.—
    F.
    Of discourse, brevity, simplicity: angustia conclusae orationis non facile se ipsa tutatur. Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20 (v. the context).—So in sing., Non. p. 73, 26.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > angustiae

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